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The Open Access Movement dates back more than thirty years. We have put together an overview of its history in this document, highlighting the most relevant events\u00b9.<\/p>\nThe Open Access Movement dates back more than thirty years. We have put together an overview of its history in this document, highlighting the most relevant events\u00b9.<\/p>\n
Get to know the History of Open Access.<\/p>\n
4th<\/sup>\u00a0July, 1971:<\/b>\u00a0Project Gutenberg launched by Michael Hart.<\/p>\n 1989:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of the free online journal Psycoloquy by Stevan Harnad. This became a peer-reviewed journal in January 1990.<\/p>\n August 1989:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of the free online\u00a0 journal The Public-Access Computer Systems Review by Charles W. Bailey Jr. ,which became a peer-reviewed journal in April 1992.<\/p>\n October 1990 :<\/b>\u00a0Tim Berners-Lee writes his initial proposal for a web server ( it was launched in March 1991). On 12th<\/sup>\u00a0November 1991, he publishes \u201cWorld Wide Web : Proposal for a Hypertext Project\u201d, and on 13th<\/sup>\u00a0November of the same year, he composes\u00a0 his first web page.<\/p>\n 1991:<\/b>\u00a0Emergence of ArXiv, launched by Paul Ginsparg.<\/p>\n April 1991:<\/b>\u00a0EJournal is launched by Edward M. Jennings.<\/p>\n September 1990:<\/b>\u00a0The free online free peer-reviewed journal Electronic Journal of Communication is launched.<\/p>\n September 1990:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of the free online peer-reviewed journal Postmodern Culture by Eyal Amiran, Greg Dawes, Elaine Orr and John Unsworth.<\/p>\n 1991:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of the free online journal \u201cSurfaces\u201d by Jean-Claude Gu\u00e9don.<\/p>\n 17th<\/sup>\u00a0May 1991:<\/b>\u00a0Release of the standards for the World Wide Web by CERN and Tim Berners-Lee.<\/p>\n April 1993:<\/b>\u00a0Project MUSE is launched by the Milton S. Eisenhower Library in partnership with Johns Hopkins University Press, based in the USA. Project Muse is not free access, but was a pioneer in online distribution.\u00a0<\/b>It allows\u00a0<\/b>full text to be searched at no cost and the publisher, Johns Hopkins University Press, permits authors to retain their copyright.<\/b><\/p>\n 1994:<\/b>\u00a0The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Federal Agencies launch the Digital Libraries Initiative.<\/p>\n 27th<\/sup>\u00a0June 1994:<\/b>\u00a0Stevan Harnad proposes self-archiving.<\/p>\n October 1994:<\/b>\u00a0Wayne Marr and Michael Jensen launch The Social Science Research Network \u2013 SSRN.<\/p>\n 28th<\/sup>\u00a0November 1994:<\/b>\u00a0the print format journal Florida Entomologist which was launched in 1917, is converted to an Open Access journal. From April 1999, all previous issues up to 1917 were made available for free.<\/p>\n 1996:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.<\/p>\n June 1996:<\/b>\u00a0Brewster Kahle launches the Internet Archive.<\/p>\n 1997:<\/b>\u00a0The Medline database which was launched in 1966 by The National Library of Medicine becomes Open Access, incorporated into PubMed.<\/p>\n 1997:<\/b>\u00a0Beginning of the development of SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) as a FAPESP (S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation) supported project in partnership with BIREME (Latin American Center for Information in the Health Sciences).<\/p>\n 26th<\/sup>\u00a0June 1997:<\/b>\u00a0Launch of PubMed, incorporating the contents of Medline.<\/p>\n August 1997:<\/b>\u00a0Stevan Harnad launches CogPrints.<\/p>\n 27th<\/sup>\u00a0March 1998:<\/b>\u00a0Declaration of San Jos\u00e9 Towards the Virtual Health Library.<\/p>\n June 1998:\u00a0<\/b>SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) launched by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL).<\/p>\n 1998:<\/b>\u00a0SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online ) goes live.<\/p>\n 1998:<\/b>\u00a0Charles Oppenheim launches SPARC Europe (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition).<\/p>\n 1998 :<\/b>\u00a0Vitek Tracz founds the world\u2019s first commercial Open Access publisher: BioMed Central (BMC).<\/p>\n October 1998:<\/b>\u00a0David Schulenburger proposes the creation of the National Electronic Article Repository (NEAR).<\/p>\n 1999:<\/b>\u00a0Nobel Laureate Harold Varmus proposes E-Biomed.<\/p>\n 21st<\/sup>\u00a0 \u2013 22nd<\/sup>\u00a0 October, 1999:<\/b>\u00a0Meeting held in Santa F\u00e9 (California), at which the prototype of the Universal Preprint Service was presented and discussed. This service later evolved into the\u00a0Open Archives Initiative<\/i>\u00a0(OAI).<\/p>\n 1999:<\/b>\u00a0Open Archives Initiative (OAI) launched.<\/p>\n 1st<\/sup>\u00a0July 1999:<\/b>\u00a0UNESCO announces the Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge at the ICSU World Conference on Science.<\/p>\n 22nd<\/sup>\u00a0 October 1999:<\/b>\u00a0Santa F\u00e9 Convention issued.<\/p>\n 2000:<\/b>\u00a0William Arms publishes the book Digital Libraries \u00a0and defines Open Access in the following way \u201cResources that are openly available to users with no requirements for authentication or payment\u201d (Arms, 2000).<\/p>\n 2000:<\/b>\u00a0Emergence of PubMed Central (PMC) with full text articles in Open Access as a complement to PubMed which contains citations and abstracts.<\/p>\n 2000:<\/b>\u00a0Emergence of PLoS (Public Library of Science), an initiative of Harold Varmus, Michael Eisen and Patrick Braun.<\/p>\n May 2000:<\/b>\u00a0The CalTech Library System launches the Collection of Open Digital Archives (CODA).<\/p>\n 19th<\/sup>\u00a0July 2000:<\/b>\u00a0BioMed Central publishes its first free online article.<\/p>\n 29th<\/sup>\u00a0September, 2000<\/b>: Southampton University releases its self-archiving software, Eprints.<\/p>\n 15th<\/sup>\u00a0January, 2001:<\/b>\u00a0Jimmy Wales launches Wikipedia.<\/p>\n 27th<\/sup>\u00a0April, 2001:<\/b>\u00a0Havana Declaration.<\/p>\n October 2001:<\/b>\u00a0Wayback Machine launched by Internet Archive.<\/p>\n 31st<\/sup>\u00a0January 2002:<\/b>\u00a0Distribution of online content opened by HINARI begins. This is a WHO Program for access to research in the field of Health.<\/p>\n 14th<\/sup>\u00a0February 2002:<\/b>\u00a0Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) \u00b2 meeting held. Definitions of Green Road and Golden Road Publishing agreed upon. BOAI 2002 also defined the first Open Access Initiative-Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).<\/p>\n May 2002:<\/b>\u00a0The Open Knowledge Network is launched in Africa.<\/p>\n 15th<\/sup>\u00a0May 2002:<\/b>\u00a0Lawrence Lessig launches Creative Commons.<\/p>\n August 2002:\u00a0<\/b>RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open Archiving) launched by JISC-FAIR.<\/p>\n August 2002:\u00a0<\/b>SHERPA Project (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access ) launched by JISC-FAIR.<\/p>\n August 2002:<\/b>\u00a0TARDIS Project (Targeting Academic Research for Deposit and Disclosure) launched by JISC-FAIR.<\/p>\n 23rd<\/sup>\u00a0August 2000 :\u00a0<\/b>IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions ) publishes the IFLA Internet Manifesto calling for freedom of access to information and the removal of barriers to the flow of information.<\/p>\n October 2002:\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0More than 300 books published by The University of California Press are made available online free of charge through a partnership with the eScholarship initiative and the California Digital Library.<\/p>\n 4th<\/sup>\u00a0November 2002:<\/b>\u00a0MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) releases the DSpace software.<\/p>\n 8th<\/sup>\u00a0November 2002:<\/b>\u00a0The Public Knowledge Project (PKP) releases the Open Journal Systems (OJS) open source software developed for journal publication management.<\/p>\n February 2003:<\/b>\u00a0The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopts its Data Sharing Policy.<\/p>\n May 2003:<\/b>\u00a0Version 1.0 of FEDORA (Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture) is launched by Cornell and Virginia Universities.<\/p>\n 20th<\/sup>\u00a0 June 2003:<\/b>\u00a0Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing released.<\/p>\n 1st<\/sup>\u00a0October 2003:\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0Open Access Working Group launched by a group of library associations and public-interest advocacy organizations.<\/p>\n 13th<\/sup>\u00a0October 2003<\/b>: PLOS (Public Library of Science) launches its first Open Access journal, PLoS Biology.<\/p>\n 22nd<\/sup>\u00a0October 2003<\/b>: Berlin Declaration – ratifies the decisions of Budapest and Bethesda.<\/p>\n 15th<\/sup>\u00a0January 2004<\/b>: The Valparaiso Declaration is announced in Chile with the objective of improving scholarly communication in digital world (Declaration for Improved Scientific Communication in the Electronic Medium).<\/p>\n May 2004<\/b>: The 8\u00b0 National Congress of Librarians, Archivists and\u00a0 Documentalists\u00a0 (Estoril, Portugal) issues the The Estoril Declaration on Access to Information (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o do Estoril sobre o Acesso \u00e0 Informa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/i>).<\/p>\n May 2004:<\/b>\u00a0the participants of the 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0International Symposium of Digital Libraries (\u00a02\u00ba Simp\u00f3sio Internacional de Bibliotecas Digitais<\/i>\u00a0(SIBD ) in Campinas, Brasil, issue a declaration in support to Open Access.<\/p>\n 23th<\/sup> September 2005:<\/b> participants at the International Seminar on Open Access for Developing Countries, event organized by BIREME\/PAHO\/WHO paralel at 9th World Congress on Health Information and Libraries \u0096 Commitment to Equity (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, September 20-23, 2005) issue the Declaration of Salvador \u0096 Commitment to Equity and the Salvador Declaration on Open Access: The Developing World Perspective. The first asks governments to promote equitable and open access and the second asks governments to require open access to publicly-funded research.<\/p>\n 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0 December 2005<\/b>:\u00a0 IBICT (Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology) issues the S\u00e3o Paulo Declaration in support of Open Access.<\/p>\n 27th<\/sup>\u00a0January 2006<\/b>: the University of Nottingham (United Kingdom) and Lund University (Sweden) officially launch OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories).<\/p>\n 2006<\/b>: IFLA and UNESCO launch the IFLA\/UNESCO Internet Manifesto Guidelines.<\/b><\/p>\n 21st<\/sup>\u00a0December\u00a0 2006<\/b>. PLoS (Public Library of Science) officially launches the journal PLoS ONE.<\/p>\n January 2007<\/b>: the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) in the USA announces a program to digitize 40 million pages of microfiched documents and offer them in Open Access.<\/p>\n January 2007<\/b>:\u00a0<\/b>Open Access Research issues a call for submissions and becomes the first peer-reviewed Open Access journal dedicated to Open Access itself.<\/p>\n March\u00a0 2007<\/b>: the publisher Polimetrica issues an Open Access Manifesto, apparently the first one from a book publisher.<\/p>\n April 2007<\/b>: JISC and the University of Glasgow launch OpenLOCKSS, a new program for the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) project for the preservation of journals in Open Access.<\/p>\n August 2007<\/b>: the National Science Foundation (NSF), PLoS\u00a0 and the San Diego Supercomputing Center launch SciVee (“YouTube for scientists”), which transmits educational videos concerning Open Access.<\/p>\n 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0 August 2007<\/b>: UNESCO issues the final version of the Kronberg Declaration on the Future of Knowledge Acquisition and Sharing.<\/p>\n October 2007<\/b>: The Social Science Research Network officially launches the Humanities Research Network, a collection of Open Access repositories in the different fields of the Humanities.<\/p>\n 14th<\/sup>\u00a0November 2007:\u00a0<\/b>the\u00a0Agence Nationale de la Recherche<\/i>\u00a0– ANR (France National Agency for Research) adopts an Open Access policy for the research it funds.<\/p>\n December 2007<\/b>: A research group of the\u00a0Universidad de Granada<\/i>\u00a0(Spain) launches SCImago, an Open Access database of journals organized by subject area and country.<\/p>\n 11th<\/sup>\u00a0January 2008:<\/b>\u00a0the US National Institutes of Health\u00a0 (NIH) issue their mandate for Open Access.<\/p>\n 8th<\/sup>\u00a0February 2008<\/b>: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) approves Open Access models for the exchange of knowledge and software.<\/p>\n 25th<\/sup>\u00a0March 2008<\/b>: Richard Crocker launches Planet e-Book, a new portal of public domain books in Open Access.<\/p>\n April 2008:<\/b>\u00a0Peter Suber and Robin Peek launch the Open Access Directory.<\/p>\n 10th<\/sup>\u00a0June 2008<\/b>: the government of the\u00a0Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid<\/i>\u00a0approves an Open Access mandate that requires results of publicly funded research be deposited in Open Access in one of Spain\u2019s “e-Ciencia” repositories.<\/p>\n October 2008<\/b>: the participants at the conference Open Access and Research 2008 (Brisbane, 24-25 September 2008) issue the Declaration of Brisbane.<\/p>\n 14th<\/sup>\u00a0October 2008:<\/b>\u00a0marks the first International Day of Open Access.<\/p>\n 14th<\/sup>\u00a0October 2008<\/b>: the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) is officially inaugurated.<\/p>\n January 2009<\/b>: the Netherlands declares 2009 as the Year of Open Access.<\/p>\n February 2009<\/b>: NECOBELAC (NEtwork of COllaboration Between Europe and Latin American-Caribbean Countries) is launched, a collaborative network between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean for the promotion of Open Access in the area of health information.<\/p>\n February 2009<\/b>: the (China\u2019s National Science Library-NSL\u00a0 and the Chinese Academy of Sciences-CAS launch a repository and adopt an Open Access mandate.<\/p>\n 4th<\/sup>\u00a0March 2009:<\/b>\u00a0Representatives of 27 African governments and four inter-governmental organizations issue the Declaration of Kigali concerning the development of an equitable information society in Africa, calling for equitable access to information and knowledge, but not necessarily in Open Access.<\/p>\n May 2009<\/b>: Peter Murray-Rust, Cameron Neylon and Rufus Pollock, among others, formulate the Panton Principles for open data.<\/p>\n July 2009:<\/b>\u00a0the oldest book in the world, the Codex Sinaiticus bible, was digitized. Its more than 800 pages were brought together by different museums in four countries to produce the new online edition in Open Access.<\/p>\n 6th July 2009<\/b>: Pope Benedict XVI criticizes the \u201cexcessive zeal for protecting knowledge through an unduly rigid assertion of the right to intellectual property, especially in the field of health care.”<\/p>\n 26th<\/sup>\u00a0August 2009<\/b>: Internet Archive, Amazon, Microsoft, Yahoo\u00a0 and others get together to form the Open Book Alliance.<\/p>\n 10th<\/sup>\u00a0December 2009<\/b>: Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson receive the 2009 Nobel Prize for Economics for their work on the economy of the commons.<\/p>\n October 2010:\u00a0<\/b>the 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Luso-Brazilian Conference on Open Access (1\u00aa Confer\u00eancia Luso-Brasileira sobre Acesso Aberto<\/i>\u00a0– CONFOA) takes place in Braga, Portugal.<\/p>\n 2011:<\/b>\u00a0the Brazilian Senator Rodrigo Rollemberg tables Bill 387\/2011 of 05\/07\/2011 in the Brazilian National Senate which provides for the process of registration and dissemination of the technological-scientific production of institutions of higher education, as well as research units in Brazil.<\/p>\n October 2011<\/b>: the 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0Luso-Brazilian Conference on Open Access,\u00a0 (2\u00aa Confer\u00eancia Luso-Brasileira sobre Acesso Aberto<\/i>\u00a0– CONFOA) takes place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<\/p>\n 21st January 2012:\u00a0<\/b>The mathematician Timothy Gowers calls for the academic community to boycott Elsevier for three reasons: the high subscription prices of the individual journals, subscription packages to which journals of different values and importance are added; and Elsevier\u2019s support of bills that restrict the access to information (SOPA, bill PROTECT IP and the Research Works Act).\u00a0 Since then, there have been more than 13,000 signatories to the document The Cost of Knowledge.<\/p>\n 30th<\/sup>\u00a0March 2012<\/b>: the SciELO Books project is launched.<\/p>\n October 2012<\/b>: the 3rd<\/sup>\u00a0Luso-Brazilian Conference on Open Access (3\u00aa Confer\u00eancia Luso-Brasileira sobre Acesso Aberto<\/i>\u00a0– CONFOA) takes place in Lisbon, Portugal.<\/p>\n \u00b9 Go to the Timelines at\u00a0http:\/\/oad.simmons.edu\/oadwiki\/Timeline<\/a>\u00a0 for a more detailed description of the evolution of Open Access.<\/p>\n \u00b2 To see all the Declarations in support of Open Access, go to the Declarations in support OA page at:\u00a0http:\/\/oad.simmons.edu\/oadwiki\/Declarations_in_support_of_OA<\/a><\/p>\n International seminar Open Access for developing countriens \u2013 http:\/\/www.icml9.org\/meetings\/openaccess\/<\/a><\/p>\n Arms, W.\u00a0Digital Libraries<\/i>, 2000. Available at:\u00a0http:\/\/www.cs.cornell.edu\/wya\/diglib\/<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Collaborator on the SciELO program, post-graduate in Information Science from the School of Communication and the Arts of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (PPGCI-ECA-USP), specialist in Health Sciences information at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo in partnership with the Latin American Center for Health Sciences Information (UNIFESP-BIREME-PAHO-WHO), Sibele Fausto is a librarian in the Technical Department of the Integrated Library System of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (DT-SIBi-USP).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Translated from the original in\u00a0Portuguese<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Nicholas Cop Consulting<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"![\"\"](\"http:\/\/blog.scielo.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/10\/open-access-buttons.jpg\")
<\/a>30th<\/sup>\u00a0January 2004<\/b>: Ministerial representatives from 34 countries of the OECD (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) publish a declaration concerning the access to research results financed by public funds (Declaration on Access to Research Data From Public Funding).<\/p>\n<\/a>19th<\/sup>\u00a0to 23rd<\/sup>\u00a0October 2009<\/b>: marks the first International Open Access Week.<\/p>\nNotes<\/h3>\n
External links<\/h3>\n
References<\/h3>\n
<\/a>About Sibele Fausto<\/h3>\n